I ran into this problem myself while attempting to migrate our SF2.2 project to SF2.3, below is a comparison of the command line executed by assetic's CompassFilter in 2.2 and 2.3 versions of the Assetic bundle
SF 2.2.2 AsseticBundle 2.1.3
"C:\Ruby200\bin\ruby.exe" "C:\Ruby200\bin\compass" "compile" "C:\Users\Rick\AppData\Local\Temp" "--boring" "--images-dir" "D:/Projects/cw3sf2/app/../web/bundles/cwmain/images/" "--config" "C:\Users\Rick\AppData\Local\Temp\ass8DCC.tmp" "--sass-dir" "" "--css-dir" "" "C:/Users/Rick/AppData/Local/Temp/ass8DCD.tmp.scss"
SF 2.3 AsseticBundle 2.3.0
"C:\Ruby200\bin\ruby.exe" "C:\Ruby200\bin\compass" "compile" "C:\Users\Rick\AppData\Local\Temp" "--boring" "--images-dir" "D:/Projects/cw3sf2/app/../web/bundles/cwmain/images/" "--config" "C:\Users\Rick\AppData\Local\Temp\assD29B.tmp" "--sass-dir" "--css-dir" "C:/Users/Rick/AppData/Local/Temp/assD29C.tmp.scss"
As you'll notice the previous ProcessBuilder injected empty arguments for --sass-dir and --css-dir through the use of "", whereas the newer ProcessBuilder doesn't.
Apparently this causes Compass to spew error messages at you.
Fixing this requires an upstream fix in either the ProcessBuilder, or requires AsseticBundle to manually set the --css-dir and --sass-dir to $tempdir on CompassFilter.php line 316
$pb->add('--sass-dir')->add('')->add('--css-dir')->add('');
into
$pb->add('--sass-dir')->add($tempDir)->add('--css-dir')->add($tempDir);
The error occurs because the ProcessBuilder was changed in the Symfony 2.3 branch, it escapes shell arguments in a different way which ignores empty arguments. Thus causing the required "" to be missing in the generated command. I have raised the issue with the creators of the CompassFilter, though it may need an upstream fix.